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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
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After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
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Graded potentials are localized fluctuations in the cell membrane's electrical charge, commonly found in the dendrites of neurons. The magnitude of these potential changes depends on the strength of the initiating stimulus. In a membrane at its resting potential, a graded potential signifies a voltage shift either above -70 mV or below -70 mV.
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Electrophoresis is a powerful analytical separation technique that relies on the differential migration of charged species when subjected to an electric field. The core strength of electrophoresis lies in its ability to separate high-molecular-weight species in complex mixtures. It has found widespread use in biochemistry, molecular biology, and analytical chemistry, allowing the separation of compounds like amino acids, nucleotides, carbohydrates, and proteins with excellent resolution.
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Electrostatic precursors to granular slip events.

Troy Shinbrot1, Nam H Kim, N Nirmal Thyagu

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. shinbrot@rutgers.edu

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Electrical signals precede material failure in cohesive powders. New experiments show these voltage signals appear before slip events, offering insights into powder mechanics and fracture precursors.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics of granular materials
  • Solid-state physics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Electrical signals are known to accompany material failure, such as crack formation in solids and stick-slip motion.
  • Previous research has primarily focused on continuous materials or specific phenomena like friction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the generation of electrical signals during slip events in cohesive powders.
  • To determine if these electrical signals can precede the mechanical failure events.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of slip events in two distinct cohesive powder systems.
  • Utilizing common powdered materials for reproducibility.
  • Examining voltage signals produced by crack-like defects in powders.

Main Results:

  • Slip events in cohesive powders generate detectable electrical signals.
  • Remarkably, these electrical signals often appear significantly before the onset of slip.
  • Similar voltage signals were observed in crack-like defects within various powdered materials.

Conclusions:

  • Cohesive powders exhibit precursory electrical signals associated with impending slip.
  • These findings suggest a novel method for monitoring and predicting mechanical failure in granular systems.
  • The phenomenon of pre-slip electrical signals in powders opens new avenues for understanding fracture mechanics.