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Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme nitrate reductase...
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Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) is a highly selective and sensitive technique for accurate elemental analysis. Though the analysis of ICP–MS mass spectra is comparatively straightforward, it is affected by spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic interferences. Spectroscopic interferences arise when the plasma contains ionic species with an m/z value the same as the analyte ion. Spectroscopic interference can be categorized as isobaric, polyatomic ions, and refractory oxide ion...
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Polar Covalent Bonds02:24

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Covalent bonds are formed between two atoms when both have similar tendencies to attract electrons to themselves (i.e., when both atoms have identical or fairly similar ionization energies and electron affinities). Nonmetal atoms frequently form covalent bonds with other nonmetal atoms. For example, the hydrogen molecule, H2, contains a covalent bond between its two hydrogen atoms. When two separate hydrogen atoms with a particular potential energy approach each other, their valence orbitals...
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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
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Noble Gases02:54

Noble Gases


The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name “noble” because they were assumed to be nonreactive since they have filled valence shells. In 1962, Dr. Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia proved this assumption to be false.

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Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions
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Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions

Published on: June 13, 2015

Elemental nitrogen partitioning in dense interstellar clouds.

Julien Daranlot1, Ugo Hincelin, Astrid Bergeat

  • 1Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5255, F-33400 Talence, France.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Interstellar nitrogen (N2) formation is inefficient. This study suggests nitrogen is not primarily stored as N2 but as ammonia (NH3) on ices, aiding organic molecule creation.

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Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials
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Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials

Published on: May 15, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Astrochemistry
  • Interstellar Medium Chemistry
  • Chemical Kinetics

Background:

  • Dense interstellar clouds are predicted to contain most elemental nitrogen as N2.
  • N2 is difficult to detect directly, so its abundance is inferred from N2H+.
  • N2 formation occurs via radical-radical reactions, with two main proposed mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure low-temperature rate constants for the N + CN reaction, crucial for N2 formation.
  • To test N2 formation mechanisms using a gas-grain model with evaluated chemical networks.
  • To determine the primary reservoir species for interstellar nitrogen.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental measurement of rate constants for the N + CN reaction down to 56 K.
  • Utilized a gas-grain chemical model with a critically evaluated chemical network.
  • Incorporated recently determined rate constants for other N2 formation reactions.

Main Results:

  • Measured low-temperature rate constants for the N + CN reaction.
  • Model simulations show N2 abundance depends on gas-phase formation versus atomic nitrogen depletion onto grains.
  • Key N2 formation reactions were found to be inefficient.

Conclusions:

  • N2 is unlikely to be the main reservoir species for interstellar nitrogen due to inefficient formation pathways.
  • Atomic nitrogen depletion onto grains competes with gas-phase N2 formation.
  • Elevated abundances of ammonia (NH3) on interstellar ices are proposed as a more significant nitrogen reservoir, facilitating organic molecule formation.