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Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared.
Hess's Law03:40

Hess's Law

There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
Valence Bond Theory02:45

Valence Bond Theory

Overview of Valence Bond Theory
Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility02:34

Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
Temporary attractive forces like dispersion are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. They...
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System
08:19

Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System

Published on: May 9, 2021

Synergistic effects in hydrogen-helium bubbles.

Erin Hayward1, Chaitanya Deo

  • 1Georgia Institute of Technology, Nuclear and Radiological Engineering Program, George W Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA. erin@gatech.edu

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|June 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Hydrogen and helium cause synergistic damage in materials. This study reveals helium-induced loop punching, aided by hydrogen, drives bubble growth and material damage in fusion and fission reactors.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System
08:19

Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System

Published on: May 9, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nuclear Engineering
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • Irradiation effects of hydrogen and helium on structural materials are known but not fully understood.
  • Synergistic effects between hydrogen and helium can lead to increased material damage.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for next-generation fusion and fission reactors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the atomistic mechanism behind the synergistic effects of hydrogen and helium on structural materials.
  • To develop an interatomic potential for simulating hydrogen-helium interactions.
  • To explain the observed synergy in terms of bubble growth dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Atomistic simulations of hydrogen and helium bubbles in body-centered cubic iron.
  • Development of a new interatomic potential for hydrogen-helium interactions.
  • Analysis of bubble energetics and structure.

Main Results:

  • The synergy arises from helium-induced loop punching, a bubble growth mechanism.
  • Hydrogen aids this process by increasing the free surface area for bubble binding.
  • Direct interaction between hydrogen and helium is not the primary cause of synergy.

Conclusions:

  • The observed synergistic material damage is primarily due to helium-induced loop punching, facilitated by hydrogen.
  • This mechanism is critical for predicting materials performance in advanced nuclear reactors.
  • Further research into bubble dynamics under irradiation is warranted.