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Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Respiration II01:30

Alterations in Respiration II

There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes include...
Breathing01:05

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Pulmonary Ventilation: Inhalation01:24

Pulmonary Ventilation: Inhalation

Pulmonary ventilation is a vital process that ensures the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. It refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs, enabling the body to obtain oxygen and remove waste carbon dioxide. In this article, we will explore the intricacies of pulmonary ventilation, including its underlying principles, mechanisms, and the interplay of pressures within the respiratory system.
Boyle's law becomes particularly pertinent when examining respiratory...
Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology01:08

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...

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Updated: May 21, 2026

Breath Collection from Children for Disease Biomarker Discovery
06:09

Breath Collection from Children for Disease Biomarker Discovery

Published on: February 14, 2019

Compressed breathing air - the potential for evil from within.

Ian L Millar1, Peter G Mouldey

  • 1Unit Director, Hyperbaric Medicine, The Alfred, Melbourne, PO Box 315, Melbourne VIC 3004, Australia, Phone: +61-(0)3-9076-2269, Fax: +61-(0)3-9076-3052,

Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine
|June 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Divers face risks from contaminated breathing air, including low-level carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and volatile compounds from compressors. These contaminants, potentiated by pressure, can cause serious health issues and impair judgment during underwater activities.

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Investigation into Deep Breathing through Measurement of Ventilatory Parameters and Observation of Breathing Patterns
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Investigation into Deep Breathing through Measurement of Ventilatory Parameters and Observation of Breathing Patterns

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Investigation into Deep Breathing through Measurement of Ventilatory Parameters and Observation of Breathing Patterns
08:34

Investigation into Deep Breathing through Measurement of Ventilatory Parameters and Observation of Breathing Patterns

Published on: September 16, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Diving Medicine
  • Environmental Health
  • Occupational Safety

Background:

  • Human underwater activities require safe, breathable compressed gas.
  • Known hazards include hypoxia and carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning.
  • Unexplained incapacitation and fatalities may stem from low-level CO and compressor-generated volatile contaminants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential for toxic gaseous contaminants in breathing air supplied to divers.
  • To explore the generation and effects of volatile compounds from compressors.
  • To highlight the inadequacy of current air quality testing and the need for better education.

Main Methods:

  • Review of known hazards and potential contaminant sources in diving gas.
  • Analysis of the effects of volatile organic compounds at varying pressures.
  • Discussion of filtration limitations and compressor operational dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Low molecular weight volatile contaminants can have anesthetic effects, potentiated by pressure.
  • Overheated compressors can generate toxic compounds from oils or de novo.
  • Inadequate filtration and infrequent testing obscure the scope of the contamination problem.

Conclusions:

  • There is a need for further research into the prevalence and impact of compressor-generated contaminants.
  • Improved education on safe compressor operation and limitations is crucial for diver safety.
  • Current air quality testing protocols are insufficient to detect intermittent or low-level contamination events.