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Related Concept Videos

High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)01:15

High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)

The resolution of a mass spectrometer depends on the efficiency of separating ions with different ion masses. The mass of an atom is approximated to the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons inside, considering the masses of protons and neutrons as equal. However, the masses of the proton (1.6726 × 10−24 g) and neutron (1.6749 × 10−24 g) are not truly equal. There is a minor error in the expression of atomic masses relative to the simplest atom of hydrogen. For example, the mass of helium...
Mass Spectrometry: Overview01:19

Mass Spectrometry: Overview

Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique used to determine the molecular mass and molecular formula of a compound. The basic principle of mass spectrometry is to generate ions from the analyte molecule and measure these ion abundances against their molecular mass. One common type of ionization, known as electron ionization or EI, bombards the analyte molecules in the gas phase with high-energy electron beams. The electron beams displace an electron from the molecule and leave behind a...
Mass Analyzers: Overview01:13

Mass Analyzers: Overview

The mass analyzer is a crucial component of the mass spectrometer. In the ionization chamber, the vaporized sample is bombarded with a high-energy electron beam to generate a radical cation and further fragment into neutral molecules, radicals, and cations. A series of negatively charged accelerator plates accelerate the cations into the mass analyzer. The mass analyzer separates ions according to their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios and then directs them to the detector. The common types of mass...
Mass Spectrometers01:16

Mass Spectrometers

This lesson details the instrumentation of a mass spectrometer—a physical instrument to perform mass spectrometry on analyte molecules and record the characteristic mass spectra. This is achieved via three chief functions:
Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis01:21

Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis

Mass spectrometry is an important technique for the identification of pure compounds. However, it has some limitations for the analysis of complex mixtures, often due to excessive fragmentation making the spectrum too complicated to decipher. Mass spectrometry can be combined with suitable separation methods in sequence, forming hyphenated methods, which are useful in the analysis of complex mixtures.
GC–MS is a powerful hyphenated method commonly used in forensics and environmental...
Mass and Weight01:19

Mass and Weight

Mass and weight are often used interchangeably in everyday conversation. For example,  medical records often show our weight in kilograms, but never in the correct units of newtons. In physics, however, there is an important distinction. Weight is the pull of the Earth on an object. It depends on the distance from the center of the Earth. Weight dramatically varies if we leave the Earth's surface, unlike mass, which does not vary with location. On the Moon, for example, the acceleration due to...

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An Open-Source Framework for Mass Calculation of Antibody-Based Therapeutic Molecules
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A Verification Method for MASOES.

N Perozo, J Aguilar Perozo, O Terán

    IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics
    |June 14, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces MASOES, a novel agent architecture for modeling self-organizing and emergent systems without complex math. A verification method, implemented in FCM Designer, assesses emergent behaviors in communities like free software developers and Wikipedia.

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    Analyzing Large Protein Complexes by Structural Mass Spectrometry
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    Analyzing Large Protein Complexes by Structural Mass Spectrometry

    Published on: June 19, 2010

    Area of Science:

    • Multi-agent systems
    • Complex systems science
    • Computational social science

    Background:

    • Self-organizing and emergent systems are complex phenomena often difficult to model mathematically.
    • Existing architectures may lack comprehensive design verification for emergent behaviors.
    • The wisdom of crowd paradigm and fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) theory offer valuable insights into collective intelligence.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and verify a design-based method for the MASOES (Multi-Agent Self-Organizing and Emergent Systems) architecture.
    • To enable the study of self-organizing and emergent behaviors in modeled systems without requiring mathematical modeling.
    • To assess the self-organizing and emergent capacities of real-world communities.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a verification method for the MASOES architecture, focusing on design principles.
    • Integration of the wisdom of crowd paradigm and fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) theory into verification criteria.
    • Implementation of the verification method into a tool named FCM Designer.
    • Testing the FCM Designer tool by modeling a free software developer community (bazaar style) and a Wikipedia community.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed verification method effectively assesses the design of MASOES for studying emergent behaviors.
    • The FCM Designer tool successfully modeled diverse communities, demonstrating the architecture's applicability.
    • Analysis of modeled communities provided insights into their self-organizing and emergent capacities.

    Conclusions:

    • The MASOES architecture, coupled with the FCM-based verification method, offers a viable approach to studying complex systems.
    • The FCM Designer tool facilitates the analysis of emergent phenomena in socio-technical systems.
    • This approach enhances the understanding of collective behavior and self-organization in decentralized communities.