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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

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Updated: May 21, 2026

Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
11:10

Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients

Published on: July 30, 2011

Non-islet cell tumour hypoglycaemia.

Leena Krishnan1, John Clark

  • 1Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, West Suffolk Hospitals, Bury St. Edmunds, UK. leenadamu@gmail.com

BMJ Case Reports
|June 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-islet cell tumour hypoglycaemia is a rare condition causing low blood sugar due to tumours secreting insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2). This case highlights IGF-2-mediated hypoglycaemia in a patient with a solitary fibrous tumour.

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Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
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Published on: July 30, 2011

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Non-islet cell tumour hypoglycaemia (NICH) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome.
  • It is characterized by hypoglycemia caused by tumor secretion of insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2).

Observation:

  • A 67-year-old man presented with confusion and collapse due to recurrent hypoglycemic attacks.
  • He had a history of a pelvic solitary fibrous tumor diagnosed a year prior.

Findings:

  • Investigations revealed elevated circulating IGF-2 levels.
  • The pelvic tumor was identified as the source of IGF-2 secretion, confirming NICH.

Implications:

  • Glucocorticoid treatment resolved the hypoglycemic episodes.
  • This case underscores the importance of considering NICH in patients with unexplained hypoglycemia and mesenchymal tumors.