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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
10:37

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Published on: May 10, 2018

Before It Gets Started: Regulating Translation at the 5' UTR.

Patricia R Araujo1, Kihoon Yoon, Daijin Ko

  • 1Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.

Comparative and Functional Genomics
|June 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Translation regulation, crucial for health and disease, involves 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) and RNA binding proteins (RBPs). This study details 5' UTR elements and their impact on gene expression and human health.

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
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Published on: May 10, 2018

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
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Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells
14:29

Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells

Published on: December 25, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Expression Regulation
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Translation regulation is vital for normal physiology and disease states.
  • Gene expression relies on cis-regulatory elements in 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) and trans-acting factors like RNA binding proteins (RBPs).
  • RBPs interact with specific RNA features and the translation machinery to control gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of 5' UTR-mediated translation regulation.
  • To discuss the characteristics and functions of key elements within the 5' UTR.
  • To explore the impact of deregulated translation mechanisms on human health.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on 5' UTR elements.
  • Analysis of mechanisms governing translation regulation.
  • Examination of the link between translation deregulation and human diseases.

Main Results:

  • Key 5' UTR elements include upstream open reading frames (uORFs), secondary structures, and RBP binding motifs.
  • These elements employ diverse mechanisms to modulate translation initiation and elongation.
  • Dysregulation of these elements contributes to various pathological conditions.

Conclusions:

  • 5' UTRs are critical regulatory hubs controlling gene expression.
  • Understanding these regulatory elements and mechanisms is essential for comprehending human health and disease.
  • Targeting translation regulation offers potential therapeutic strategies.