Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Bacterial Toxins01:12

Bacterial Toxins

Bacterial toxins are sophisticated virulence factors that enable pathogenic bacteria to interact with, invade, and damage host tissues. These toxins fall broadly into two types: protein exotoxins, which are secreted into the environment and target specific host receptors, and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, which are structural components of the bacterial outer membrane released primarily during bacterial lysis or membrane shedding. Exotoxins generally act more selectively, binding to cell...
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Botulinum neurotoxin Light Chain/A1 uses fast synaptic vesicle cycling to cleave plasma membrane bound SNAP-25.

Communications biology·2025
Same author

Potency Evaluations of Recombinant Botulinum Neurotoxin A1 Mutants Designed to Reduce Toxicity.

International journal of molecular sciences·2024
Same author

Testing a Recombinant Form of Tetanus Toxoid as a Carrier Protein for Glycoconjugate Vaccines.

Vaccines·2023
Same author

Botulinum Neurotoxin A4 Has a 1000-Fold Reduced Potency Due to Three Single Amino Acid Alterations in the Protein Receptor Binding Domain.

International journal of molecular sciences·2023
Same author

How Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain A1 Maintains Stable Association with the Intracellular Neuronal Plasma Membrane.

Toxins·2022
Same author

Genetically detoxified tetanus toxin as a vaccine and conjugate carrier protein.

Vaccine·2022
Same journal

S-layers as natural building blocks for nanobiotechnology and synthetic biology.

Current opinion in microbiology·2026
Same journal

The role of the antimicrobial peptide nisin as a clean label food preservative.

Current opinion in microbiology·2026
Same journal

From coarse-grained metabolic rules to fine-grained control of microbial communities.

Current opinion in microbiology·2026
Same journal

Progress in engineered bacterial cancer therapies.

Current opinion in microbiology·2026
Same journal

Constraints on adaptive loss-of-function mutations during microbial metabolic interactions.

Current opinion in microbiology·2026
Same journal

Discovery of novel antimicrobials within microbiomes.

Current opinion in microbiology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
12:25

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Published on: March 3, 2014

Vaccines against botulism.

Andrew P-A Karalewitz1, Joseph T Barbieri

  • 1Medical College of Wisconsin, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics BSB-256, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.

Current Opinion in Microbiology
|June 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developing new botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) vaccines is crucial due to limited supply of current options. This review covers progress in creating next-generation BoNT vaccines effective against natural variants.

More Related Videos

A High-throughput-compatible FRET-based Platform for Identification and Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain Modulators
10:30

A High-throughput-compatible FRET-based Platform for Identification and Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain Modulators

Published on: December 27, 2013

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens
13:47

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

Published on: May 19, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
12:25

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Published on: March 3, 2014

A High-throughput-compatible FRET-based Platform for Identification and Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain Modulators
10:30

A High-throughput-compatible FRET-based Platform for Identification and Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain Modulators

Published on: December 27, 2013

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens
13:47

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

Published on: May 19, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Toxicology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Clostridial neurotoxins (CNTs), including botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) and tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), are highly toxic proteins.
  • CNTs target neurons by binding and entering them, cleaving specific neuronal SNARE proteins.
  • While tetanus toxoid vaccines are effective, current pentavalent botulism vaccines face supply limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the challenges and advancements in developing next-generation vaccines against botulism.
  • To explore novel immunogens for effective BoNT vaccines.
  • To ensure broad protection against natural BoNT variants.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on BoNT vaccine development.
  • Analysis of strategies utilizing non-catalytic full-length BoNT or receptor-binding domains as immunogens.
  • Evaluation of progress towards next-generation vaccine candidates.

Main Results:

  • Next-generation BoNT vaccines are being developed using innovative approaches.
  • Non-catalytic full-length BoNT and receptor-binding domain subunits show promise as immunogens.
  • Progress is being made towards vaccines effective against diverse BoNT types.

Conclusions:

  • There is a significant need for improved botulism vaccines due to supply constraints.
  • Novel vaccine strategies are advancing the development of effective BoNT immunizations.
  • Future vaccines aim for broad efficacy against natural BoNT variants.