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Updated: May 21, 2026

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting (Propensity Score) using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index
Published on: January 8, 2020
Effect of non-leisure physical activity on mortality in U.S. adults: does propensity score matching make a
Jeehyun Park1, Louise B Russell
1Department of Economics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
Purpose:
To reanalyze results reported in 2008, using propensity score matching, to test the treatment effect of non-leisure physical activity on survival.
Methods:
McCullagh's ordinal logit model was used to estimate propensity scores, separately for adults aged 35-59 and 60-74 years at baseline in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Followup Study, for three levels of non-leisure activity. Each untreated adult (low non-leisure activity) was matched to two treated adults from the same age group, one with moderate and one with high non-leisure activity. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regressions were fitted to the matched samples and compared with regressions fitted to unmatched samples.
Results:
Except for moderate leisure-time activity and age, observed covariates were well balanced after matching. For adults aged 35-59 years, matched regressions showed smaller mortality reductions: 23% for moderate and 32% for high non-leisure activity, compared with low non-leisure activity. For adults aged 60-74 years, matched regressions showed a smaller mortality reduction for moderate non-leisure activity (29%) but a larger reduction for high non-leisure activity (47%).
Conclusions:
In line with published reviews of conventional multivariable analysis versus propensity score matching, Cox regressions on matched and unmatched samples produced similar estimates of treatment effects for non-leisure activity, but the estimates from matched regressions were usually smaller.
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