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Updated: May 21, 2026

A Multimodal Wide-Field Fourier-Transform Raman Microscope
Published on: December 30, 2025
Wide-field, surface-sensitive four-wave mixing microscopy of nanostructures
Yong Wang1, Xuejun Liu, Aaron R Halpern
1Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA.
Abstract:
We describe a wide-field four-wave mixing (FWM) microscope with imaging characteristics optimized for examining nanostructures. The microscope employs surface-plasmon polariton (SPP) excitation in a gold film to achieve surface-sensitive imaging conditions. The SPP surface fields boost the FWM efficiency by 2 orders of magnitude relative to the excitation efficiency of the evanescent fields at a bare glass surface. We demonstrate two excitation geometries that completely suppress the electronic FWM response of the metal film while allowing the far-field detection of FWM radiation from nanostructures at the interface. We obtained wide-field FWM images from individual carbon nanotubes and nanoclusters of neocyanine molecules at image acquisition times of 1 s, demonstrating the potential for background free, surface-enhanced FWM imaging of nanomaterials.
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