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¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

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The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene π orbitals.

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Writing Bragg Gratings in Multicore Fibers
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Aluminum nitride grating couplers.

Siddhartha Ghosh1, Christopher R Doerr, Gianluca Piazza

  • 1Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. sidghosh@seas.upenn.edu

Applied Optics
|June 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers demonstrated efficient grating couplers using sputtered aluminum nitride (AlN), a piezoelectric material ideal for integrated photonics. These devices offer wideband performance, paving the way for advanced optomechanical applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Aluminum nitride (AlN) is a piezoelectric material with low optical loss in the C-band.
  • Integrated photonics requires efficient coupling between optical fibers and waveguides.
  • Existing grating couplers often lack wideband performance or require complex fabrication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate grating couplers fabricated from sputtered aluminum nitride (AlN).
  • To achieve efficient and wideband optical coupling for integrated photonic circuits.
  • To explore the potential of AlN's piezoelectric and elasto-optic properties in photonics.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of grating couplers and wire waveguides in sputtered AlN on a silicon wafer using a single lithography step.
  • Utilized silicon dioxide (SiO(2)) for cladding layers.
  • Characterized coupling efficiency and 1 dB bandwidth.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a peak coupling efficiency of -6.6 dB.
  • Measured a 1 dB bandwidth of 60 nm, indicating wideband performance.
  • Demonstrated grating couplers and wire waveguides in AlN without partial etching.

Conclusions:

  • Sputtered AlN is a viable material for fabricating efficient, wideband grating couplers.
  • The integration of AlN's piezoelectric and elasto-optic properties opens new avenues for optomechanics and integrated photonics.
  • The demonstrated fabrication method is compatible with existing silicon microfabrication processes.