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Related Concept Videos

Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Sanger Sequencing01:57

Sanger Sequencing

DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
Modern Molecular Taxonomy01:29

Modern Molecular Taxonomy

Advancements in molecular biology have revolutionized the identification and characterization of bacteria, with multiple methods leveraging DNA sequencing for enhanced precision. As sequencing technologies improve and costs decline, these approaches are increasingly used in clinical, environmental, and evolutionary studies.Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) examines several housekeeping genes, essential chromosomal genes encoding cellular functions, to distinguish strains. Approximately...
Applications of Molecular Taxonomy01:20

Applications of Molecular Taxonomy

Molecular taxonomy has revolutionized the understanding and classification of bacteria, providing precise insights into their diversity, evolutionary relationships, and ecological roles. By utilizing molecular techniques such as DNA sequencing and fingerprinting, researchers have made significant strides in various fields related to bacterial studies.Resolving Taxonomic AmbiguitiesMolecular taxonomy has been instrumental in distinguishing closely related bacterial species initially thought to...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...

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Updated: May 21, 2026

Optimized Bone Sampling Protocols for the Retrieval of Ancient DNA from Archaeological Remains
06:18

Optimized Bone Sampling Protocols for the Retrieval of Ancient DNA from Archaeological Remains

Published on: November 30, 2021

Ancient DNA studies: new perspectives on old samples.

Ermanno Rizzi1, Martina Lari, Elena Gigli

  • 1Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Via F.lli Cervi 93, Segrate, Milan 20090, Italy.

Genetics, Selection, Evolution : GSE
|June 16, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Ancient DNA analysis is now reliable thanks to new methods like next-generation sequencing. These advances allow detailed study of evolution, population genetics, and palaeoecology in extinct and ancient organisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Paleogenetics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Archaeological Science

Background:

  • Ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis has overcome past controversies to become a robust scientific field.
  • Methodological advancements have unlocked the potential of aDNA for studying evolutionary processes.
  • Previous limitations in DNA recovery from ancient samples necessitated strict reliability criteria.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current methodologies in ancient DNA analysis.
  • To explore the perspectives offered by next-generation sequencing (NGS) in aDNA research.
  • To highlight the impact of NGS on studying genetic relationships and population dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established and emerging techniques for aDNA extraction and analysis.
  • Focus on next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies for high-throughput DNA recovery.
  • Application of computational tools for sequence analysis and data interpretation.

Main Results:

  • NGS enables recovery of DNA from challenging archaeological and paleontological remains.
  • Reliable genetic data can now be obtained from samples previously considered intractable.
  • Large-scale studies using aDNA are revealing insights into population genetics and palaeoecology.

Conclusions:

  • Ancient DNA analysis, particularly with NGS, is a powerful tool for reconstructing evolutionary history.
  • The field provides unprecedented opportunities to study extinct organisms and their relationships.
  • Continued methodological development promises further breakthroughs in understanding past life.