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Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct regions...

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Vanishing adrenal mass.

Anil Bhansali¹, B V Ajithkumar, Rama Walia

¹Department of Endocrinology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. anilbhansali_endocrine@rediffmail.com

BMJ Case Reports

|June 16, 2012

Summary

Primary adrenal lymphoma is rare, often affecting both adrenal glands. This case highlights a unique instance of unilateral adrenal lymphoma presenting with abdominal pain, successfully treated with chemotherapy.

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Area of Science:

Oncology
Endocrinology
Pathology

Background:

Primary adrenal lymphoma is an exceptionally rare condition.
Typically presents with bilateral adrenal involvement, leading to adrenal insufficiency or B symptoms.

Observation:

A case report of a patient presenting with abdominal pain.
Diagnosis revealed unilateral primary adrenal lymphoma.

Findings:

The patient received chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy resulted in near-complete resolution of the adrenal mass.

Implications:

This case expands the clinical presentation spectrum of primary adrenal lymphoma.
Highlights the efficacy of chemotherapy in managing unilateral primary adrenal lymphoma.
Suggests considering primary adrenal lymphoma in the differential diagnosis of unilateral adrenal masses presenting with abdominal pain.