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Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair growth — and...
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings
14:40

Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings

Published on: October 25, 2015

Hormonal programming across the lifespan.

B M Nugent1, S A Tobet, H E Lara

  • 1University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Bnuge001@umaryland.edu

Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones Et Metabolisme
|June 16, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hormonal programming during development permanently alters anatomy and physiology. Early hormone exposure, including excess androgens or stress, can lead to reproductive abnormalities like polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and affect fertility.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Reproductive Biology

Background:

  • Hormones critically influence biological processes during sensitive developmental periods, causing permanent tissue-specific changes.
  • Developmental timing dictates specific targets affected by hormonal programming.
  • This review summarizes findings from the 2011 US-South American Workshop in Neuroendocrinology on hormonal programming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the impact of gonadal steroid hormones on brain and gonad development.
  • To review changes in the aging female ovary.
  • To explore the role of hormonal programming in sexual differentiation and reproductive disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of proceedings from a neuroendocrinology workshop.
  • Discussion of cellular, genomic, and epigenomic mechanisms of hormonal action in the brain.
  • Examination of hormonal influences on reproductive organ development and function.

Main Results:

  • Hormonal targets in the brain include neurons, glia, and vasculature, with epigenetic changes affecting hormone receptor gene expression.
  • Organizational hormone exposure influences brain sexual differentiation and can program peripheral targets like the ovary.
  • Excess hormone exposure can cause ovarian abnormalities (e.g., PCOS), affect male reproductive system development, and early-life stress is linked to PCOS.

Conclusions:

  • Hormonal programming during development has lasting effects on brain and reproductive system structure and function.
  • Epigenetic modifications are key mediators of hormonal programming and sexual differentiation.
  • Disruptions in hormonal programming, including excess androgens and early-life stress, are linked to reproductive disorders and age-related fertility decline.