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Related Concept Videos

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...
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Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids, a class of anti-inflammatory drugs, are pivotal in treating moderate to severe Crohn's disease by inducing remission. They exhibit their anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and chemokines like IL-8. In addition, they reduce the expression of inflammatory cell adhesion molecules and inhibit gene transcription of nitric oxide synthase, phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2),...
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T Cell Types and Functions

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry
12:36

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry

Published on: June 26, 2018

Decrease in circulating DNA, IL-10 and BAFF levels in newly-diagnosed SLE patients after corticosteroid and

Alma-Martina Cepika1, Dragica Soldo Jureša, Jadranka Morović Vergles

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Zagreb, Klaiceva 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. acepika@gmail.com

Cellular Immunology
|June 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Chloroquine treatment significantly reduces circulating DNA and suppresses B cell activation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. This study supports chloroquine

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry
12:36

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry

Published on: June 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • B cells are implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis, a condition marked by autoantibodies against DNA and RNA.
  • Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) activation by DNA-containing immune complexes can drive autoreactive B cell responses.
  • Chloroquine, a drug used in SLE treatment, inhibits TLR9 signaling, suggesting a therapeutic role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of chloroquine on TLR9 expression, circulating DNA levels, and B cell-related cytokines in new, untreated SLE patients.
  • To evaluate the impact of corticosteroids and chloroquine on immune markers in SLE.

Main Methods:

  • TLR9 expression measured by flow cytometry in peripheral blood B cells.
  • Serum DNA levels quantified using real-time PCR.
  • Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) assessed by ELISA.
  • CpG-mediated CD86 upregulation and IL-10 secretion evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures.

Main Results:

  • SLE patients exhibited higher circulating DNA levels than controls, which significantly decreased after chloroquine treatment.
  • Untreated SLE patients had elevated serum IL-10 compared to controls or those on corticosteroids.
  • Corticosteroids reduced IL-10, while chloroquine completely abolished CpG-induced CD86 upregulation and IL-10 secretion in vitro.

Conclusions:

  • TLR9 pathway activation is crucial in human SLE pathogenesis.
  • The data support the continued use of chloroquine in SLE treatment protocols.
  • Modulation of cytokine and DNA levels highlights the potential for including untreated patients in immune disorder studies.