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Exploring the Role of Deontic Reasoning and World Knowledge in Wason´s Selection Task
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Published on: July 22, 2025

The folk conception of knowledge.

Christina Starmans1, Ori Friedman

  • 1Department of Psychology, 2 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, USA. christina.starmans@yale.edu

Cognition
|June 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People attribute knowledge when beliefs are true and justified. Unlike philosophers, laypeople often consider lucky guesses as knowledge, differing from traditional justified true belief models.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Epistemology
  • Philosophy of Mind

Background:

  • The traditional definition of knowledge as justified true belief has been challenged by Gettier cases.
  • Gettier cases highlight situations where a justified true belief is not considered knowledge due to luck.
  • Understanding laypeople's criteria for knowledge attribution is crucial for bridging philosophical and psychological perspectives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how individuals attribute knowledge to others.
  • To examine the influence of truth, justification, and "Gettiering" on knowledge attributions.
  • To compare laypeople's understanding of knowledge with philosophical definitions.

Main Methods:

  • Four experiments were conducted to test knowledge attribution.
  • Participants' attributions were analyzed based on the truth and justification of beliefs.
  • The impact of luck (Gettier conditions) on knowledge judgments was specifically assessed.

Main Results:

  • Knowledge is attributed when beliefs are both true and justified.
  • Laypeople attribute knowledge in Gettier situations, contrary to philosophical consensus.
  • Knowledge attribution is withheld when beliefs are based on "apparent" evidence, even if true.

Conclusions:

  • Laypeople's concept of knowledge aligns closely with the traditional justified true belief model.
  • Significant differences exist between the epistemic intuitions of laypeople and philosophers regarding knowledge.
  • The role of evidence quality, not just truth and justification, influences lay attributions.