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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...
Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...

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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
09:42

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

Published on: September 7, 2017

Trans-chromosomal methylation.

Ian Greaves1, Michael Groszmann, Elizabeth S Dennis

  • 1Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Plant Industry, Canberra, Australia.

Epigenetics
|June 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetic marks on alleles interact within the nucleus. Divergent epigenomes in hybrids trigger trans-chromosomal methylation (TCM) and demethylation (TCdM), altering genome activity.

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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The epigenome is crucial for regulating cell functions.
  • Alleles with different epigenetic marks can interact in trans.
  • Hybridization brings together divergent epigenomes, leading to significant changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe trans-chromosomal methylation (TCM) and trans-chromosomal demethylation (TCdM).
  • To explain the role of siRNAs and RNA-directed DNA methylation in these processes.
  • To discuss the impact of these epigenetic interactions on genome activity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of epigenetic alterations in hybrid systems.
  • Investigation of siRNA pathways.
  • Examination of RNA-directed DNA methylation.

Main Results:

  • Thousands of alterations to the methylome occur in hybrids.
  • Methylation patterns on one allele are modified to resemble the other.
  • TCM and TCdM are the primary mechanisms observed.

Conclusions:

  • Trans-allelic epigenetic interactions, including TCM and TCdM, are significant.
  • These processes are modulated by siRNAs and the RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway.
  • Such interactions may be common in various biological systems.