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Related Concept Videos

LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Measurement of &#947;HV68 Infection in Mice
13:22

Measurement of γHV68 Infection in Mice

Published on: November 22, 2011

CTCF and Sp1 interact with the Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 internal repeat elements.

Hannah C Stevens1, Kevin S-W Cham, David J Hughes

  • 1Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.

Virus Genes
|June 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) latency involves CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) binding to repeat elements. Sp1 binding occurs during reactivation, suggesting distinct roles for viral repeat sequences in MHV-68 infection.

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Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Published on: October 7, 2011

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

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Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus
11:28

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Published on: October 7, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Herpesviruses exhibit a complex lifecycle involving a dynamic balance between latent and productive (lytic) infections.
  • Regulation of this balance is mediated by intricate interactions between viral and host cellular factors.
  • Understanding these regulatory mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted antiviral therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish and utilize a novel Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) epithelial cell line model for studying herpesvirus latency and reactivation.
  • To investigate the role of specific transcription factors, CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) and Sp1, in regulating viral gene expression during latency and reactivation.
  • To elucidate the functional significance of internal repeat elements within the MHV-68 genome.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) epithelial cell line harboring a mutated R transactivator gene, maintaining the virus in a latent state.
  • Restoration of the productive viral cycle through complementation with the R transactivator.
  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays to determine transcription factor occupancy (CTCF and Sp1) at viral repeat elements during latency and reactivation.

Main Results:

  • CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) demonstrated binding to both 40-bp and 100-bp repeat sequences during MHV-68 latency.
  • CTCF binding was significantly reduced upon viral reactivation.
  • Sp1 binding was observed exclusively at the 100-bp repeat element following reactivation, with no detectable binding during latency.

Conclusions:

  • The study highlights distinct functional roles for the large internal repeat sequences in the MHV-68 genome.
  • The 40-bp repeat is hypothesized to be involved in regulating gene expression essential for maintaining viral latency.
  • The 100-bp repeat domain is proposed to play a critical role in the regulation and progression of the lytic viral cycle.