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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze
08:31

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

Published on: October 28, 2015

Testosterone induces off-line perceptual learning.

Nicholas D Wright1, Thomas Edwards, Stephen M Fleming

  • 1Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. n.wright@ucl.ac.uk

Psychopharmacology
|June 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Testosterone enhances perceptual learning by promoting "off-line" consolidation between training sessions. This hormone influences learning on a slower timescale, distinct from rapid, within-session improvements.

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Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze
08:31

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

Published on: October 28, 2015

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Hormonal Influences on Cognition

Background:

  • Perceptual learning occurs over various timescales.
  • The role of neuromodulatory systems, like testosterone, in these timescales is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal effect of testosterone on perceptual learning across different timescales.
  • To determine if testosterone influences rapid, within-session learning or slower, between-session consolidation.

Main Methods:

  • A double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study design was employed.
  • Participants performed a contrast detection task over two separate training days.
  • Testosterone or placebo was administered to participants.

Main Results:

  • Placebo condition showed rapid, within-session learning that saturated quickly, with no significant between-day improvement.
  • Testosterone administration led to no within-session learning but significant performance gains between training days.
  • Testosterone-induced learning occurred independently of changes in subjective confidence or accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • Testosterone significantly impacts perceptual learning by facilitating "off-line" consolidation processes.
  • The observed learning timescale aligns with testosterone's role in memory consolidation.
  • This highlights a novel hormonal influence on the temporal dynamics of perceptual learning.