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Related Concept Videos

Microtubules in Signaling01:22

Microtubules in Signaling

The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in acid or...
Studying the Cytoskeleton01:17

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The cytoskeletal architecture can be studied using different microscopic and biochemical techniques. Electron microscopy was instrumental in discovering the cytoskeletal architecture around the 1960s, which allowed obtaining structural information at a high-resolution level. However, the sample preparation procedure often limits this ability in biological samples. Several protocols have been developed over the years to optimize sample preparation. In one of the protocols known as rotary...
Tension Response at Adherens Junctions01:26

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The adherens junctions that anchor cells together are multi-protein complexes that dynamically adapt to mechanical stimuli such as tensile forces and shear stress. Mechanosensory proteins in these junctions can sense such mechanical stimuli and undergo a shift in their conformation, resulting in an altered function — a process called mechanotransduction.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Volumetric Imaging and Analysis of Primary Cilia in Musculoskeletal Tissue using the ARL13B-CENTRIN-2 Mouse Model
09:53

Volumetric Imaging and Analysis of Primary Cilia in Musculoskeletal Tissue using the ARL13B-CENTRIN-2 Mouse Model

Published on: March 28, 2025

The primary cilium as a novel extracellular sensor in bone.

David A Hoey1, Julia C Chen, Christopher R Jacobs

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York New York, NY, USA.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|June 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Bone adaptation relies on mechanical cues sensed by primary cilia. Understanding this process may lead to new osteoporosis treatments targeting cilia.

Keywords:
bonefluid flowmechanotransductionosteocyteprimary ciliumstem cell

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Volumetric Imaging and Analysis of Primary Cilia in Musculoskeletal Tissue using the ARL13B-CENTRIN-2 Mouse Model
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Published on: April 14, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Skeletal Biology
  • Cellular Mechanotransduction
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Mechanical adaptation is crucial for skeletal health, preventing diseases like osteoporosis.
  • Defects in bone adaptation lead to significant changes in bone mass.
  • The primary cilium acts as an extracellular sensor in bone, crucial for mechanical adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of primary cilia in bone mechanotransduction.
  • To explore primary cilia's function in regulating stem cell differentiation.
  • To discuss future research and therapeutic strategies targeting primary cilia for bone diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of in vitro and in vivo studies on primary cilia in bone.
  • Analysis of the role of primary cilia in cellular responses to mechanical stimuli.
  • Exploration of the literature on stem cell fate commitment regulated by primary cilia.

Main Results:

  • Primary cilia are essential for sensing mechanical forces in the bone extracellular environment.
  • These cilia transduce mechanical signals into biochemical responses that regulate bone adaptation.
  • Primary cilia play a role in directing stem cell differentiation towards osteogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Primary cilia are key sensors in bone, mediating adaptation to mechanical stress.
  • Targeting primary cilia presents a promising avenue for developing novel therapeutics for bone diseases.
  • Further research into cilia-based mechanisms can advance treatments for osteoporosis and other bone disorders.