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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Assessing Intertidal Populations of the Invasive European Green Crab
Published on: September 16, 2020
Green algal infection of American horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) exoskeletal structures
Hillary Braverman1, Louis Leibovitz, Gregory A Lewbart
1Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA.
Abstract:
Degenerative lesions in the dorsum of the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) exoskeleton, eyes, arthrodial membrane, and base of the telson were documented in a population of wild caught laboratory animals. The disease can lead to loss of tissue structure and function, deformed shells, abnormal molting, loss of ocular structures, erosion of interskeletal membranes, and cardiac hemorrhage. Microscopy, histopathology, and in vitro culture confirmed the causative agent to be a green algae of the family Ulvaceae. Further research may explain how green algae overcome horseshoe crab innate immunity leading to external and internal damage.
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