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Related Concept Videos

Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification03:00

Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification

Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
Introspection01:29

Introspection

Introspection, long upheld as a reliable route to self-knowledge, involves examining one's thoughts, emotions, and mental processes. It underpins many psychological practices, from mindfulness meditation to psychotherapy and self-help strategies. However, empirical evidence challenges the accuracy of introspection as a means of understanding oneself.Limitations of Introspective InsightSeminal work by Nisbett and Wilson demonstrated that individuals are frequently unaware of the true causes...
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model01:29

Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model

The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
Social Foundations of Self III: Self-Evaluation01:30

Social Foundations of Self III: Self-Evaluation

Self-evaluation is the process by which individuals assess their abilities, behaviors, and characteristics based on feedback from others. Charles H. Cooley observed that a person’s self-perception is primarily influenced by how others see and judge them. He suggested that individuals form their identities based on their interpretations of others' reactions. As a result, social interactions play a crucial role in shaping self-esteem and personal identity. These external evaluations often blend...
Quality Assurance01:19

Quality Assurance

Quality assurance is the overarching term used to describe the activities employed to ensure the proper performance of a system. These activities can be classified into three categories: quality control, quality assessment, and internal corrective measures. Typically, these activities work cyclically: quality control is performed before and during the analysis, while quality assessment occurs during and after the investigation. Internal corrective measures are implemented based on the findings...
Independent and Dependent Sources01:18

Independent and Dependent Sources

In electrical circuits, sources play a crucial role in providing power for the operation of the circuit. These sources can be broadly categorized into two types: independent and dependent.
Independent voltage or current sources supply a fixed amount of voltage or current, respectively, which is unaffected by other elements within the circuit. These are represented using specific symbols. Independent voltage sources are symbolized with polarities (+ and -), indicating the direction of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning
10:39

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning

Published on: August 29, 2025

Independent evaluation: insights from public accounting.

Abigail B Brown1, Jacob Alex Klerman

  • 1Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. abrown@ethics.harvard.edu

Evaluation Review
|June 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Ensuring independent government program evaluation requires strategies to prevent conflicts of interest. Parallels with financial auditing reforms, like the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, can improve evaluator independence and timely reporting.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning
10:39

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning

Published on: August 29, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Public Administration
  • Program Evaluation
  • Contracting and Procurement

Background:

  • Contracting for government program evaluation faces challenges in maintaining independence.
  • Agencies desire both the appearance of independence and favorable evaluation outcomes.
  • This mirrors financial statement audits where management seeks attestation while controlling accounting methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review contracting strategies for maintaining independence in auditing.
  • To examine the effectiveness of professionalism, reputation, liability, and owner oversight in auditing.
  • To apply these insights to improve evaluator independence in government program evaluations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of auditing independence strategies.
  • Analysis of factors constraining auditor behavior.
  • Comparative analysis between auditing and program evaluation contracting.

Main Results:

  • Auditing independence is influenced by professionalism, reputation, liability, and oversight.
  • Parallels exist between auditing and evaluation contracting regarding conflicts of interest.
  • Existing auditing reforms offer potential models for enhancing evaluation independence.

Conclusions:

  • Recommendations are drawn by analogy with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
  • A reformulated Technical Working Group could promote timely evaluation release.
  • This group may help insulate evaluators from undue pressure to alter findings or methods.