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Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
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The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Transurethral Induction of Mouse Urinary Tract Infection
09:24

Transurethral Induction of Mouse Urinary Tract Infection

Published on: August 5, 2010

Ketamine-associated urinary tract dysfunction: an underrecognized clinical entity.

Yongqing Lai1, Song Wu, Liangchao Ni

  • 1Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, PR China. yqlord @ 163.com

Urologia Internationalis
|June 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recreational ketamine use is linked to severe urinary tract problems in young adults. Cessation of ketamine and sodium hyaluronate treatment may offer relief for ketamine-associated urinary dysfunction.

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

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Published on: August 28, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Toxicology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Recreational ketamine use is rising among young adults.
  • Anecdotal reports suggest a link between ketamine use and lower urinary tract symptoms.
  • This study investigates severe urinary issues in chronic recreational ketamine users.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe severe lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with chronic recreational ketamine use.
  • To identify a potential relationship between recreational ketamine use and these symptoms.
  • To explore management strategies for ketamine-associated urinary dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Case series of 6 patients with chronic recreational ketamine use.
  • Detailed history, physical examination, and further investigations.
  • Urography, urodynamic studies, cystoscopy, and bladder biopsies were performed.

Main Results:

  • Patients presented with severe lower urinary tract symptoms.
  • Investigations revealed contracted bladders, detrusor instability, and chronic cystitis.
  • Urine cultures were sterile, ruling out infection.

Conclusions:

  • Ketamine-associated urinary tract dysfunction is an emerging clinical issue.
  • The exact pathological mechanism remains unknown.
  • Ketamine cessation combined with intravesical sodium hyaluronate shows potential for symptomatic relief.