Dye-sensitized TiO2 nanotube solar cells: rational structural and surface engineering on TiO2 nanotubes

Owing to well-defined structural parameters and enhanced electronic properties, highly ordered TiO(2) nanotube arrays have been employed to substitute TiO(2) nanoparticles for use in dye-sensitized solar cells. To further improve the performance of dye-sensitized TiO(2) nanotube solar cells, efforts have been directed toward the optimization of TiO(2) photoanodes, dyes, electrolytes, and counter electrodes. Herein, we highlight recent progress in rational structural and surface engineering on anodic TiO(2) nanotube arrays and their effects on improving the power conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized TiO(2) nanotube solar cells.