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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells
09:02

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells

Published on: June 5, 2020

Exploring hepatitis B: a neglected disease.

Nicole M Loo1, Douglas J Pryce

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, USA.

Minnesota Medicine
|June 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection can lead to serious liver conditions. Awareness is low that HBV transmits from mother to baby, and immigrants from endemic countries need screening.

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells
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Published on: June 5, 2020

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

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A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target
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A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target

Published on: May 10, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Chronic hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection is a significant global health concern, potentially leading to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • While often linked to high-risk behaviors in the U.S., mother-to-baby transmission during birth is a primary global transmission route, with a substantial portion of chronic infections originating from perinatal exposure.
  • Awareness among U.S. healthcare providers regarding perinatal HBV transmission and the high risk among immigrants from HBV-endemic regions is suboptimal, leading to potential under-screening of at-risk populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the under-recognized risk of chronic hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection in immigrants from endemic countries.
  • To emphasize the importance of screening for HBV in specific populations as recommended by the CDC.
  • To inform healthcare providers about alternative transmission routes and at-risk demographics for HBV.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for HBV screening.
  • Identification of populations recommended for HBV screening, including individuals born in Asia, U.S.-born individuals with unvaccinated infants and parents from high endemicity regions, and those with parenteral risk factors.
  • Description of initial screening tests: hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAb), and total antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (total anti-HBc).

Main Results:

  • The CDC recommends HBV screening for individuals born in Asia, U.S.-born persons unvaccinated as infants whose parents are from high HBV endemicity regions (≥8%), and individuals with parenteral risk factors.
  • Initial screening involves HBsAg, HBsAb, and total anti-HBc testing.
  • Individuals testing negative for HBV (HBsAg-negative) without prior immunity are candidates for the three-part HBV vaccination series.

Conclusions:

  • There is a critical need to increase awareness about perinatal HBV transmission and the elevated risk in immigrants from HBV-endemic countries within the United States.
  • Adherence to CDC screening guidelines is essential to identify and manage HBV infection in at-risk populations.
  • Prompt vaccination following negative screening tests in susceptible individuals is crucial for preventing chronic HBV infection.