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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System01:18

Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
Raynaud's disease, also known as Raynaud's phenomenon, is a...
Reflex Activity01:08

Reflex Activity

A reflex activity is an automatic, involuntary response to specific stimuli. It is a part of our survival mechanism, designed to protect us from potential harm. For example, when a bright light suddenly shines into our eyes, we instinctively close them or look away. This is a simple reflex activity orchestrated by the nervous system without conscious thought or effort.
A reflex exam is a diagnostic procedure performed by a healthcare professional to evaluate the functionality of a patient's...
Somatic Spinal Reflexes01:22

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...
Sympathetic Activation01:16

Sympathetic Activation

The sympathetic division can influence tissues and organs by releasing norepinephrine at peripheral synapses and distributing epinephrine and norepinephrine through the bloodstream. In times of crisis or stress, sympathetic activation occurs, which is regulated by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. As a result, sympathetic activation prepares the body for physical exertion, rapid ATP production, and heightened alertness, allowing individuals to respond effectively to challenging or...
The Sympathetic Nervous System01:25

The Sympathetic Nervous System

Overview
Sympathetic Signaling01:31

Sympathetic Signaling

Sympathetic signaling, a vital part of the autonomic nervous system, plays a crucial role in mobilizing the body's resources in response to stress or emergencies. It involves the transmission of nerve impulses from sympathetic preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers. This results in the release of specific neurotransmitters and activation of adrenergic receptors.
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) onto the ganglionic neurons in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Surgical Lumbar Sympathectomy in Mice
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[Reflex sympathetic dystrophy].

Marta Oliveira1, Manuela Manuela, Guilhermina Cantinho

  • 1Serviço de Pediatria, Hospital Dona Estefânia (CHLC), Lisbon, Portugal.

Acta Medica Portuguesa
|June 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) is a rare pediatric complex regional pain syndrome. Early diagnosis and multimodal treatment, including gabapentin and physiotherapy, are crucial for managing symptoms in adolescents.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric neurology
  • Pain management
  • Adolescent medicine

Background:

  • Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), a type of complex regional pain syndrome, is uncommon in pediatric patients.
  • Its etiology is often unknown, typically occurring post-trauma, affecting musculoskeletal, vascular, and skin systems.

Observation:

  • Pediatric RSD presents with severe limb pain, sensory and vascular changes, functional disability, and psychosocial issues.
  • Diagnosis relies heavily on clinical suspicion, with bone scintigraphy aiding confirmation.
  • Adolescent presentations may differ from adult cases, and excessive testing can exacerbate symptoms.

Findings:

  • A case report details an adolescent girl with RSD following minor trauma, presenting with pain, coldness, pallor, and disability.

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  • The patient had a prior depression diagnosis; bone scintigraphy was key in diagnosis.
  • Effective treatment involved gabapentin, Vitamin C, physiotherapy, and psychotherapy.

    • Implications:

    • Highlights the importance of recognizing pediatric RSD and its distinct features in adolescents.
    • Emphasizes a multimodal treatment approach for effective symptom management and improved outcomes.
    • Suggests bone scintigraphy as a valuable diagnostic tool in suspected pediatric RSD cases.