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Related Concept Videos

Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Introduction to Learning01:18

Introduction to Learning

Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through practice or experience, leading to long-lasting behavioral changes. This acquisition occurs through interaction with the environment and requires practice or experience. For instance, mastering a skill such as surfing requires considerable practice and experience, highlighting the essential role of repeated interactions with the environment in learning.
In contrast to learned behaviors, unlearned behaviors such as crying, sexual...
Social Loafing01:37

Social Loafing

Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated, individuals become less...
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning because...
Critical Thinking II01:25

Critical Thinking II

Critical thinking is a cognitive process with several attributes. The attributes of critical thinking include the following:

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Updated: May 21, 2026

Bridging the Technology Divide in the COVID-19 Era: Using Virtual Outreach to Expose Middle and High School Students to Imaging Technology
09:55

Bridging the Technology Divide in the COVID-19 Era: Using Virtual Outreach to Expose Middle and High School Students to Imaging Technology

Published on: September 28, 2022

Using online lectures to make time for active learning.

Amy J Prunuske1, Janet Batzli, Evelyn Howell

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA. aprunusk@d.umn.edu

Genetics
|June 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Online lectures integrated into homework for introductory biology courses helped students complete in-class activities and improved performance on basic knowledge assessments. This approach frees up class time for critical thinking and group analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Biology Education
  • Higher Education Pedagogy

Background:

  • Traditional lecture formats in large introductory courses often limit time for interactive learning.
  • Integrating technology can enhance student engagement and understanding of complex biological concepts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the effectiveness of incorporating short online lectures into homework assignments.
  • To determine the impact of this hybrid model on student performance and time commitment.
  • To create more in-class time for critical thinking and group activities.

Main Methods:

  • A hybrid course model was implemented in a large, introductory biology course at a research university.
  • Students were assigned short online lectures as homework prior to in-class sessions.
  • Student performance was evaluated using clicker questions and in-class group activities.

Main Results:

  • The majority of students viewed online lectures before class, finding them helpful for in-class activities.
  • Online lectures did not increase overall student time commitment to the course.
  • Students who viewed online lectures performed better on lower-order cognitive skill assessments.

Conclusions:

  • Hybrid course models, utilizing online lectures for foundational knowledge, are supported.
  • This pedagogical approach effectively creates in-class time for deeper conceptual understanding and group analysis.
  • The study suggests a scalable model for improving introductory science education in research universities.