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Related Concept Videos

Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
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A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This phenomenon...
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Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
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When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
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Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

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The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
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When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Using Microwave and Macroscopic Samples of Dielectric Solids to Study the Photonic Properties of Disordered Photonic Bandgap Materials
10:35

Using Microwave and Macroscopic Samples of Dielectric Solids to Study the Photonic Properties of Disordered Photonic Bandgap Materials

Published on: September 26, 2014

Order-dependent structure of high harmonic wavefronts.

E Frumker1, G G Paulus, H Niikura

  • 1Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, University of Ottawa and National Research, Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, On, Canada. eugene.frumker@mpq.mpg.de

Optics Express
|June 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High harmonic generation produces attosecond pulses, but their duration measurements assume frequency independence. This study reveals frequency-dependent wavefronts and intensity profiles, meaning pulse duration varies with observation location.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Using Microwave and Macroscopic Samples of Dielectric Solids to Study the Photonic Properties of Disordered Photonic Bandgap Materials
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Published on: September 26, 2014

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The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry
12:14

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

Published on: August 12, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Attosecond science
  • High harmonic generation
  • Quantum optics

Background:

  • Attosecond pulses are crucial for probing ultrafast phenomena.
  • Current pulse duration measurements rely on far-field observations.
  • Existing methods assume frequency-independent beam properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the frequency dependence of high harmonic beams.
  • To determine if pulse duration is location-dependent.
  • To enable complete space-time reconstruction of attosecond pulses.

Main Methods:

  • Measurement of spectrally resolved wavefronts.
  • Characterization of intensity profiles across harmonic orders.
  • Analysis of beam properties as a function of harmonic order.

Main Results:

  • Each harmonic closely approximates a Gaussian profile.
  • Significant frequency dependence in both intensity profiles and wavefronts was observed.
  • Attosecond pulse duration is confirmed to be location-dependent.

Conclusions:

  • The frequency dependence of beam properties necessitates location-specific pulse duration measurements.
  • Complete space-time reconstruction is achievable through spectrally resolved wavefront and temporal measurements.
  • This work advances attosecond science by enabling recovery of single-molecule responses.