Stereospecific synthesis and catalytic activity of L-histidylidene metal complexes

We report on the synthesis, metal coordination, and catalytic impact of histidylidene, a histidine-derived N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand. The histidinium salt 3, comprising methyl substituents at both heterocyclic nitrogens and protected at the C- and N-terminus of the amino acid, was rhodated and iridated by a transmetallation protocol using Ag(2)O. Ambient temperature and short reaction times were pivotal for full retention of configuration at the α-carbon. The stereospecificity of the reaction was conveniently probed by (31)P NMR spectroscopy after transmetallation with rhodium(I) and coordination of enantiopure (S)-Ph-binepine. The histidylidene rhodium complexes are highly efficient catalysts for the mild hydrosilylation of ketones. For the cationic complexes [Rh(cod)(histidylidene)(phosphine)](+), lowering the temperature shifted the rate-limiting step of the catalytic reaction to an earlier stage that is not enantioselective. Hence the asymmetric induction-which is governed by the chiral phosphine-did not improve at low temperature.