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Related Concept Videos

Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis01:16

Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis

Necrosis is a form of irreversible cell death caused by severe injury such as ischemia, toxins, or trauma. Unlike programmed cell death, it is an uncontrolled, pathological process that typically provokes inflammation in surrounding tissues.Pathophysiologic ChangesNecrosis begins when cells sustain critical damage, leading to swelling of organelles, particularly mitochondria, and rapid ATP depletion. As energy levels decline, membrane ion pumps fail, leading to calcium influx and eventually,...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become anucleated and die, but their...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...

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Related Experiment Videos

Necrotising granulomatous lymphadenitis.

François Alves1, Ana Baptista, Helena Brito

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Faro's Hospital, Rua leao penedo, Faro, Portugal. jeanfrancoisalves@sapo.pt

BMJ Case Reports
|June 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) diagnosis is challenging due to low bacterial load in lymph nodes. Antitubercular drugs are crucial for managing EPTB and can aid in diagnosis.

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology
  • Pulmonology

Background:

  • Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) involves Mycobacterium TB infection outside lung parenchyma.
  • Diagnosis requires tissue analysis alongside compatible clinical or imaging findings.

Observation:

  • A patient presented with constitutional symptoms: asthenia, anorexia, weight loss, fever, chills, and night sweats.
  • Thoracic imaging showed left axillary lymphadenopathy and pleural effusion.
  • Histopathology revealed necrotizing granulomatous lymphadenitis.

Findings:

  • EPTB diagnosis is often difficult due to low bacillary load in lymph nodes, limiting smear microscopy sensitivity.
  • Initiation of antitubercular drugs led to a positive clinical response in the reported case.

Related Experiment Videos

Implications:

  • Antitubercular agents are fundamental for EPTB management.
  • Therapeutic response to antitubercular drugs can sometimes serve as a diagnostic tool for EPTB.