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Determination of Crystal Structures

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...

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$On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature$

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Modified single crystals for high-power underwater projectors.

Nevin P Sherlock¹, Richard J Meyer

¹Applied Research Laboratory, University Park, PA, USA. nps121@psu.edu

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control

|June 22, 2012

Summary

Modified single crystals offer improved underwater electroacoustic projector performance. These advanced materials enhance transducer bandwidth and source level, overcoming limitations of lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMNT) for demanding applications.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Acoustics Engineering
Piezoelectric Materials

Background:

Single crystals like lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMNT) offer superior electromechanical properties for underwater electroacoustic projectors.
However, PMNT exhibits limitations in mechanical quality factor and temperature stability, restricting its use in high-power applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the performance of modified single crystals in underwater electroacoustic projectors.
To compare the capabilities of these modified crystals against standard PMNT and PZT4 transducers.

Main Methods:

Fabrication and testing of underwater electroacoustic transducers using modified single crystals.
Characterization of transducer performance metrics including source level, bandwidth, and power handling.
Comparative analysis with PMNT and PZT4 transducers under various operating conditions.

Main Results:

Modified single crystals yielded transducers with up to 5 dB higher source level than PMNT at resonance.
Transducers using modified crystals demonstrated doubled bandwidth and a 6 dB improvement in maximum source level compared to PZT4 when driven off resonance.
These modified crystals maintained similar source level and power handling to PZT4 at resonance.

Conclusions:

Modified single crystals represent a significant advancement for underwater electroacoustic projector technology.
They overcome the limitations of PMNT, offering enhanced bandwidth and source level capabilities.
These materials provide a competitive alternative to PZT4, especially for off-resonance applications demanding higher source levels.