Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Alkyl Halides

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...

Predicting Molecular Geometry

Predicting Molecular Geometry

VSEPR Theory for Determination of Electron Pair Geometries

Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides

Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides

Carboxylic acids react with SOCl2 or PCl5 to form acid chlorides. Amongst the carboxylic acid derivatives, acid chlorides are the most reactive and synthetically important derivatives. They are useful reagents for Friedel–Crafts acylation of some aromatic compounds.

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
Due to the absence of continuous overlap of p...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Oxalic acid-pyridine-4-carbonitrile (1/2).

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2012

Same author

4-Cyano-pyridinium nitrate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2012

Same author

4-Cyano-pyridinium bromide.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2012

Same author

1,1'-(Phenyl-methyl-ene)dinaphthalen-2-ol.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2012

Same author

Adamantane-1-ammonium benzoate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2011

Same author

2-(2H-Tetra-zol-5-yl)pyridinium perchlorate monohydrate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2011

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

4-Cyano-pyridinium chloride.

¹College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|June 22, 2012

Summary

The crystal structure of pyridinium chloride reveals interactions between the pyridinium cation and chloride anion. These interactions are primarily driven by N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, with additional weak C-H⋯Cl forces also observed.

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Chemical Physics
Materials Science

Background:

Understanding intermolecular forces is crucial in crystal engineering.
Pyridinium salts are common organic compounds with diverse applications.
The specific interactions within pyridinium chloride have been investigated to understand its structural properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the crystal structure of pyridinium chloride.
To identify and characterize the intermolecular interactions present in the crystal lattice.
To elucidate the role of hydrogen bonding and other weak interactions in stabilizing the crystal structure.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to obtain the three-dimensional crystal structure.

More Related Videos

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Published on: June 20, 2014

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

Published on: June 10, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Published on: June 20, 2014

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

Published on: June 10, 2021

Analysis of the crystal structure involved identifying hydrogen bond donors and acceptors.

Intermolecular interactions were further analyzed using geometric criteria.

Main Results:

The crystal structure of pyridinium chloride (C(6)H(5)N(2)(+)·Cl(-)) was successfully determined.
A significant N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bond was identified, linking the pyridinium cations and chloride anions.
Weak C-H⋯Cl interactions were also observed, contributing to the overall crystal packing.

Conclusions:

The crystal structure is stabilized by a combination of strong N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds and weaker C-H⋯Cl interactions.
These findings provide insights into the supramolecular assembly of pyridinium salts.
The detailed understanding of these interactions can inform the design of new materials with tailored properties.