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Related Concept Videos

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism01:10

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes cyanohydrin formation. The ions are generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. Once the cyanide ions are generated, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ions on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. This attack shifts the π electrons from the C=O to the oxygen atom forming the alkoxide ion intermediate. The alkoxide anion...
Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:28

Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires severe conditions.
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis of amides under acidic conditions yields carboxylic acids. Since the reaction occurs slowly, hydrolysis requires the conditions of heat.
The mechanism begins with the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the amide carbonyl carbon more...
Nitriles to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:08

Nitriles to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Nitriles undergo acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-catalyzed hydrolysis to form a carboxylic acid. These reactions proceed via an amide intermediate.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase
11:01

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Published on: November 23, 2016

2-Phenyl-N'-(2-phenyl-acet-yl)acetohydrazide.

Hatem A Abdel-Aziz, Ching Kheng Quah, Hoong-Kun Fun

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |June 22, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a novel compound, C(16)H(16)N(2)O(2). Molecules form sheets via hydrogen bonds, revealing specific loop formations within the crystal lattice.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Chemical structure analysis
    • Hydrogen bonding

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular interactions is crucial in materials science.
    • Crystal engineering relies on predicting and controlling intermolecular forces.
    • Acetohydrazide derivatives are known for diverse biological and material properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(16)H(16)N(2)O(2).
    • To analyze the molecular conformation and intermolecular interactions, specifically hydrogen bonding patterns.
    • To characterize the self-assembly behavior of the molecules in the solid state.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional molecular structure.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles provided conformational insights.

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    Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines
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    Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

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    Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase
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    Published on: November 23, 2016

    Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles
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    Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

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    Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines
    10:42

    Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

    Published on: January 3, 2018

  • Hydrogen bond analysis identified specific donor-acceptor interactions and quantified their geometry.

    • Main Results:

    • The N'-acetyl-acetohydrazide group exhibited approximate planarity.
    • Significant dihedral angles were observed between the planar group and terminal phenyl rings, as well as between the phenyl rings themselves.
    • Molecules self-assembled into sheets parallel to the (001) plane through a network of N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
    • Specific hydrogen bond motifs, including R(2)(2)(8) and R(2)(1)(6) loops, were identified and characterized.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of C(16)H(16)N(2)O(2) was successfully determined.
    • The study highlights the role of hydrogen bonding in directing the self-assembly of molecules into extended sheet structures.
    • The identified hydrogen bonding patterns and loop formations provide valuable insights for crystal engineering and the design of novel materials.