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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
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Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para position.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
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Published on: June 10, 2021

3,5-Bis(4-fluoro-phen-yl)isoxazole.

Hoong-Kun Fun, Suhana Arshad, S Samshuddin

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |June 22, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    The crystal structure of C(15)H(9)F(2)NO reveals a molecule with disordered isoxazole ring atoms. Terminal benzene rings exhibit specific dihedral angles, with no significant intermolecular interactions noted.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular structure is crucial for predicting material properties.
    • Isoxazole derivatives are important scaffolds in medicinal chemistry and materials science.
    • Detailed crystallographic analysis provides fundamental insights into molecular arrangement and interactions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the precise crystal structure of the title compound, C(15)H(9)F(2)NO.
    • To analyze the molecular geometry, including dihedral angles between ring systems.
    • To investigate intermolecular interactions in the crystal lattice.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to collect diffraction data.
    • The crystal structure was solved and refined using standard crystallographic software.

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    Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

    Published on: February 6, 2019

  • Geometric parameters, such as bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles, were calculated.
  • Main Results:

    • The crystal structure of C(15)H(9)F(2)NO was successfully elucidated.
    • The molecule is centrosymmetric, generated by a crystallographic twofold rotation axis.
    • The isoxazole ring exhibits statistical disorder of O and N atoms with equal site occupancies.
    • Dihedral angles between the isoxazole and terminal benzene rings are 24.23(3)°, and between the benzene rings is 47.39(2)°.
    • No significant intermolecular interactions were observed in the crystal packing.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides a detailed crystallographic description of C(15)H(9)F(2)NO.
    • The observed molecular geometry and disorder offer insights into the compound's solid-state behavior.
    • The absence of significant intermolecular interactions suggests potential for unique solid-state properties or applications.