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Strong Acid and Base Solutions

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.

Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH

Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH

Polyprotic acids of the type H2M constitute two ionizable protons. As a result, on titration with a base, they exhibit two equivalence points in the titration curve. During titration, the species H2M, HM−, and M2− will be present in the solution at different points. The fractions of H2M, HM−, and M2− present at the various instances of the titration are denoted by α0, α1, and α2, respectively.
A graph with the alpha values is plotted against the volume of base added during titration. Here, a...

Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid

Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid

The titration of a polyprotic base such as sodium carbonate with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid results in two equivalence points on the titration curve. At the first equivalence point, the carbonate ions in the base are completely converted to bicarbonate ions. The second equivalence point corresponds to the complete conversion of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid, which dissociates into carbon dioxide and water. The region before the first equivalence point corresponds to the...

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic acid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines

Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines

Published on: June 23, 2019

1H-Pyrazol-2-ium hydrogen oxalate.

Chun-Hua Yu¹, Run-Qiang Zhu

¹Ordered Matter Science Research Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|June 22, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrogen bonds link anions into dimers and cations and anions into chains. These crystal structures extend across the (111) plane in the title compound.

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Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

Crystal engineering
Supramolecular chemistry
Hydrogen bonding

Background:

Understanding intermolecular forces is crucial for crystal structure prediction.
Hydrogen bonds play a significant role in the self-assembly of molecules.
Investigating hydrogen bonding patterns provides insights into crystal packing.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the hydrogen bonding network in the title compound.
To characterize the supramolecular architecture formed by cations and anions.
To analyze the crystal structure and intermolecular interactions.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
Analysis of hydrogen bonding interactions (O-H...O and N-H...O).
Identification of graph set notations for hydrogen bonding motifs.

Main Results:

Anions form centrosymmetric dimers via cyclic O-H...O hydrogen bonds (R(2)(2)(10)).
These dimers link with cations through cyclic N-H...O hydrogen bonds (R(4)(2)(10)).
Extended chain structures are formed across the (111) plane.

Conclusions:

The crystal structure is governed by a well-defined hydrogen bonding network.
The identified hydrogen bonding motifs dictate the overall supramolecular assembly.
The study provides a detailed understanding of the crystal structure of the title compound.