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Related Concept Videos

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines01:10

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines

The simplest aromatic amine is phenylamine, which contains an –NH2 functionality directly attached to an aromatic ring. The name aniline is designated for this skeleton. As shown in Figure 1, the common names of the functionalized anilines involve prefixes ortho-, meta-, and para- to indicate the substitution position. Different functionalized aniline derivatives also have notable trivial names.
Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:13

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom, respectively.
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:16

Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Adrenergic agonists' structure-activity relationship (SAR) determines their selectivity and efficacy. These agonists comprise a phenylethylamine moiety with an aromatic ring and an ethylamine side chain.
Aromatic ring substitutions: Substituting the aromatic ring with –OH groups at positions 3 and 4 yields catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine), which have a high affinity for adrenoceptors. Hydrogen bonding between –OH groups and receptors enhances adrenergic activity.
Separation of the aromatic...
Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines01:25

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation01:19

Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation

Similar to water, alcohols can add to the carbonyl carbon of the aldehydes and ketones. The addition of one molecule of alcohol to the carbonyl compound forms the hemiacetal or half acetal. As depicted below, in a hemiacetal, the carbon is directly linked to an OH and OR group.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
08:43

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Published on: January 19, 2016

4-Pheneth-oxy-aniline hemihydrate.

Toheed Akhter, Humaira Masood Siddiqi, Zareen Akhter

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |June 22, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study details the crystal structure of a novel compound, revealing hydrogen bonds that form chains and C-H⋯π interactions between aromatic rings, offering insights into molecular assembly.

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    Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine
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    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Supramolecular Chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding the intermolecular interactions in crystalline solids is crucial for predicting material properties.
    • The title compound, C(14)H(15)NO·0.5H(2)O, presents an opportunity to study hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interactions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of C(14)H(15)NO·0.5H(2)O.
    • To identify and characterize the intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯π interactions.
    • To analyze the spatial arrangement of molecules within the crystal lattice.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional structure.
    • Analysis of hydrogen bonding networks (N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N) was performed.
    • Identification of non-classical interactions such as C-H⋯π was carried out.

    Main Results:

    • The crystal structure reveals the formation of a chain along the c axis mediated by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds between the amino group and the water molecule.
    • The water molecule is located on a twofold rotation axis.
    • A significant C-H⋯π interaction was observed between the phenyl and aniline rings.
    • The angle between the mean planes of the phenyl rings was determined to be 72.51(7)°.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal packing of C(14)H(15)NO·0.5H(2)O is governed by a combination of strong hydrogen bonds and weaker C-H⋯π interactions.
    • These interactions dictate the formation of a specific supramolecular architecture.
    • The findings contribute to the understanding of crystal engineering principles for organic molecules.