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Related Concept Videos

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

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Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
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IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

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Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although...
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Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides01:18

Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides

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Carboxylic acids react with SOCl2 or PCl5 to form acid chlorides. Amongst the carboxylic acid derivatives, acid chlorides are the most reactive and synthetically important derivatives. They are useful reagents for Friedel–Crafts acylation of some aromatic compounds.
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Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview01:15

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview

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Carboxylic acid derivatives are formed by replacing the hydroxyl group of carboxylic acids with a different functional group. The most common carboxylic acid derivatives are:
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Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

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Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Acylation of Benzene01:11

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Acylation of Benzene

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The Friedel–Crafts acylation reactions involve the addition of an acyl group to an aromatic ring. These reactions proceed via electrophilic aromatic substitution by employing an acyl chloride and a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride to form aryl ketone.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Utilizing the Ethylene-releasing Compound, 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid, as a Tool to Study Ethylene Response in Bacteria
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2-(2-Chloro-phen-yl)acetic acid.

Rajni Kant, Vivek K Gupta, Kamini Kapoor

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |June 22, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a chlorinated benzoic acid derivative. Molecular analysis reveals specific dihedral angles and intermolecular hydrogen bonding, forming layered crystal structures.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Understanding the crystal packing and intermolecular interactions of organic molecules is crucial for predicting material properties.
    • Benzoic acid derivatives are common structural motifs with diverse applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(8)H(7)ClO(2).
    • To analyze the molecular conformation, specifically the dihedral angle between the carboxyl group and the benzene ring.
    • To investigate the intermolecular interactions governing crystal packing.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal structure.
    • Analysis of hydrogen bonding (O-H⋯O) and other weak interactions (C-H⋯O) was performed.

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    Main Results:

    • The carboxyl group exhibits a dihedral angle of 74.83(9)° with the benzene ring plane.
    • Molecules form inversion dimers through O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
    • These dimers are further organized into layers parallel to the bc plane via C-H⋯O interactions.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure is characterized by specific molecular conformation and hydrogen bonding patterns.
    • Intermolecular interactions dictate the formation of layered supramolecular structures.
    • This structural information provides insights into the solid-state behavior of chlorinated benzoic acid derivatives.