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Related Concept Videos

Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.
Magnetic Fields01:27

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...
Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges01:23

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
Consider a point charge moving with a constant velocity. Like the electric field, the magnetic field at any point is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source point and the field point. However, unlike the electric field, the magnetic field is always perpendicular to the plane containing the line...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
12:37

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

Published on: September 4, 2015

Magnetic field controlled composite paramagnetic-diamagnetic colloidal phases.

A Ray1, Th M Fischer

  • 1Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|June 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We observed new colloidal phases in magnetic fields. Varying magnetic field parameters induced transitions between different particle ordering and bonding behaviors.

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Area of Science:

  • Colloid Science
  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Magnetism

Background:

  • Colloidal systems offer tunable properties through external fields.
  • Magnetic fields can induce specific ordering in paramagnetic and diamagnetic particles.
  • Understanding particle interactions is key to controlling emergent behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate colloidal phase transitions in response to time-dependent magnetic fields.
  • To characterize the relationship between magnetic field parameters and colloidal ordering.
  • To explore the formation of bonds and order in mixtures of paramagnetic and diamagnetic colloids.

Main Methods:

  • Creation of effectively paramagnetic and diamagnetic colloids using ferrofluids.
  • Application of quickly varying time-dependent magnetic fields.
  • Analysis of dipole interactions, precession angles, and field anisotropy.
  • Observation of colloidal phase transitions and particle ordering.

Main Results:

  • Observed transitions between different correlated orientation orders.
  • Formation of directional bonds between paramagnetic and diamagnetic colloids with staggered magnetic moments.
  • Bonds between similar particles with uniform order formed orthogonally to bonds between different particles.
  • Rearrangement of particle order upon passing the magic angle, with a two-step transition involving a biaxial phase.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates control over colloidal phase ordering via magnetic field modulation.
  • Discovered distinct bonding and ordering behaviors dependent on field parameters.
  • Identified a sequence of phase transitions, including uniaxial and biaxial phases, driven by magnetic field variations.