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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.

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Related Experiment Video

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An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children
05:04

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

Published on: October 4, 2018

Striatal sensitivity during reward processing in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Yannis Paloyelis1, Mitul A Mehta, Stephen V Faraone

  • 1King's College London, Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, UK. Yannis.Paloyelis@kcl.ac.uk

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
|June 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Adolescents with ADHD combined type (ADHD-CT) show normal reward anticipation but altered reward outcome processing in the striatum. Dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) variations influence brain responses, suggesting a role in ADHD reward circuitry.

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

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Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
10:02

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Published on: March 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with dopamine pathway dysfunction.
  • Existing research on reward processing deficits in ADHD is limited.
  • The impact of genetic variations on dopamine signaling in ADHD remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate striatal reward responsivity in ADHD combined type (ADHD-CT) using fMRI.
  • To examine the influence of dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) variation on reward processing in ADHD-CT.
  • To explore differences in neural activation between ADHD-CT and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain activity.
  • Participants included male adolescents with ADHD-CT and matched healthy controls.
  • Analysis focused on the ventral striatum and caudate nucleus, considering DAT1 haplotype dosage.

Main Results:

  • No significant difference in ventral striatal response to reward cues between ADHD-CT and controls.
  • ADHD-CT group exhibited increased striatal blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) response to successful outcomes.
  • DAT1 dosage differentially modulated caudate nucleus activation in response to reward cues.

Conclusions:

  • Findings challenge the notion of anticipatory reward deficits in the ventral striatum in ADHD-CT.
  • Results suggest dysfunctional processing of reward outcomes in ADHD-CT, aligning with neurobiological models.
  • Genetic variations in dopamine signaling warrant consideration in ADHD reward deficit research.