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Related Concept Videos

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

A Preclinical Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Hemorrhage Contusion and Neuroinflammation
06:50

A Preclinical Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Hemorrhage Contusion and Neuroinflammation

Published on: June 10, 2020

Brainstem hemorrhage following decompressive craniectomy.

Laurent Lonjaret1, Maxime Ros, Sergio Boetto

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France. laurent.lonjaret@laposte.net

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia
|June 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Decompressive craniectomy (DC) can help manage high intracranial pressure, but its effects on surgical outcomes remain debated. This case study shows good recovery despite a brainstem hemorrhage after DC for subdural hematoma.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Trauma Surgery

Background:

  • Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is a critical intervention for refractory intracranial hypertension.
  • The efficacy and safety of DC in specific neurosurgical contexts are subjects of ongoing clinical debate.

Observation:

  • A 21-year-old male patient sustained a left hemispheric acute subdural hematoma following a road traffic accident.
  • The patient underwent decompressive craniectomy to address elevated intracranial pressure.

Findings:

  • Post-DC, the patient experienced an intraoperative brainstem hemorrhage, a rare but serious complication.
  • Despite the hemorrhage, the patient demonstrated a favorable neurological recovery.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the complex interplay between decompressive craniectomy and intracranial hematomas.
  • It suggests that good outcomes are possible even after significant intraoperative complications.
  • Further research is warranted to refine surgical protocols and risk stratification for decompressive craniectomy.