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Uncertainty in Measurement: Reading Instruments

Uncertainty in Measurement: Reading Instruments

Counting is the type of measurement that is free from uncertainty, provided the number of objects being counted does not change during the process. Such measurements result in exact numbers. By counting the eggs in a carton, for instance, one can determine exactly how many eggs are there in the carton. Similarly, the numbers of defined quantities are also exact. For example, 1 foot is exactly 12 inches, 1 inch is exactly 2.54 centimeters, and 1 gram is exactly 0.001 kilograms. Quantities...

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Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value. Highly accurate measurements...

Accuracy and Precision

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Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value. Highly accurate measurements...

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On many occasions, physicists, other scientists, and engineers need to make estimates of a particular quantity. These are sometimes referred to as guesstimates, order-of-magnitude approximations, back-of-the-envelope calculations, or Fermi calculations. The physicist Enrico Fermi was famous for his ability to estimate various kinds of data with surprising precision. Estimating does not mean guessing a number or a formula at random. Instead, estimation means using prior experience and sound...

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When we take repeated measurements on the same or replicated samples, we will observe inconsistencies in the magnitude. These inconsistencies are called errors. To categorize and characterize these results and their errors, the researcher can use statistical analysis to determine the quality of the measurements and/or suitability of the methods.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Software-Assisted Quantitative Measurement of Osteoarthritic Subchondral Bone Thickness

Software-Assisted Quantitative Measurement of Osteoarthritic Subchondral Bone Thickness

Published on: March 18, 2022

Measuring agreement, more complicated than it seems.

K J van Stralen¹, F W Dekker, C Zoccali

¹ERA-EDTA Registry, Department of Medical Informatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. k.j.vanstralen@amc.uva.nl

Nephron. Clinical Practice

|June 23, 2012

Summary

This study explores methods for assessing agreement between medical devices and clinicians. It covers techniques for both continuous and categorical data, crucial for ensuring reliable comparisons in healthcare.

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Area of Science:

Medical device evaluation
Biostatistics
Clinical methodology

Background:

Replacing medical devices requires validating new against old for similar results.
Method agreement is essential for reliable comparisons in clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and discuss methods for determining agreement between measurement methods.
To cover techniques for both continuous and categorical data.

Main Methods:

For continuous variables: t-test, correlation coefficient, Bland-Altman plots.
For categorical variables: Chi-squared (χ2) test, Cohen's kappa (ĸ).

Main Results:

The paper outlines statistical approaches for method agreement analysis.
Specific tests are recommended based on data type (continuous or categorical).

Conclusions:

Understanding method agreement is vital for accurate medical device and clinical assessment.
Appropriate statistical methods ensure reliable comparisons between different diagnostic or measurement tools.