Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra. Symptoms...
Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair growth — and...
Testosterone: Functions and Regulation01:26

Testosterone: Functions and Regulation

The intricate hormonal interplay essential for male reproductive health begins with the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus. This hormone prompts the pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). LH targets the Leydig cells in the testes, stimulating them to produce and release testosterone. In concert with testosterone, FSH acts on the Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules to facilitate the release of...
The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size. Today,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Dietary guidelines adherence and pregnancy exposure to 10 classes of priority chemicals: an observational study in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes Cohort.

The American journal of clinical nutrition·2026
Same author

Gestational Exposure to 10 Classes of Priority Chemicals and Birth Outcomes in the ECHO Cohort.

JAMA network open·2026
Same author

Prenatal over-the-counter acetaminophen use and birth outcomes in the ECHO cohort.

American journal of epidemiology·2026
Same author

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in breast milk and early life exposure for infants in the United States.

Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology·2026
Same author

An assessment of measurement error when using maternal urinary phthalates as proxies for placental tissue levels in the estimation of the association of prenatal phthalates and infant anogenital distance.

Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology·2026
Same author

Maternal Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Across Pregnancy in Relation to Fetal Growth: Evidence from the TIDES Cohort.

American journal of epidemiology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Collection of Alfalfa Root Exudates to Study the Impact of Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate on Metabolite Production
06:46

Collection of Alfalfa Root Exudates to Study the Impact of Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate on Metabolite Production

Published on: June 2, 2023

An update on phthalates and male reproductive development and function.

Richard Grady1, Sheela Sathyanarayana

  • 1The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA. richard.grady@seattlechildrens.org

Current Urology Reports
|June 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Phthalates, common industrial chemicals, are widespread in humans and linked to genitourinary tract anomalies and infertility. This review examines current data on phthalate exposure and its reproductive health effects.

More Related Videos

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants
07:08

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants

Published on: March 6, 2018

Assessment of the Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds on the Development of Vertebrate Neural Network Function Using Multi-electrode Arrays
08:28

Assessment of the Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds on the Development of Vertebrate Neural Network Function Using Multi-electrode Arrays

Published on: April 26, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Collection of Alfalfa Root Exudates to Study the Impact of Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate on Metabolite Production
06:46

Collection of Alfalfa Root Exudates to Study the Impact of Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate on Metabolite Production

Published on: June 2, 2023

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants
07:08

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants

Published on: March 6, 2018

Assessment of the Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds on the Development of Vertebrate Neural Network Function Using Multi-electrode Arrays
08:28

Assessment of the Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds on the Development of Vertebrate Neural Network Function Using Multi-electrode Arrays

Published on: April 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Phthalates are high-volume industrial chemicals found in numerous consumer and healthcare products.
  • Biomarker studies confirm widespread human and animal exposure to phthalates.
  • Previous research suggests phthalates are associated with genitourinary tract diseases and anomalies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current scientific data on phthalates.
  • To discuss the association between phthalate exposure and genital anomalies.
  • To explore the link between phthalates and infertility.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies.
  • Analysis of biomarker data on phthalate presence.
  • Examination of epidemiological and toxicological research.

Main Results:

  • Widespread human and animal exposure to phthalates is confirmed.
  • Phthalates are implicated in various genitourinary anomalies, including hypospadias and testis anomalies.
  • Evidence suggests a link between phthalate exposure and subfertility.

Conclusions:

  • Phthalate exposure is a significant concern for reproductive health.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms and extent of phthalate-induced reproductive harm.
  • Reducing phthalate exposure may be crucial for preventing genitourinary anomalies and infertility.