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Updated: May 21, 2026
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Biomarkers for Detecting Human Sperm Functional Defects
Published on: April 21, 2022
Quantification studies in human seminal plasma samples identify prolactin inducible protein as a plausible marker of
Anil Kumar Tomar1, Balwinder Singh Sooch, Sarman Singh
1Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
Background:
Prolactin inducible protein (PIP) is a ~17 kDa protein, which is known to play vital roles in immunoregulation, fertility, antimicrobial activity, apoptosis and tumour progression.
Objectives:
This study reports quantification of PIP concentration in human seminal plasma (SP) samples.
Methodology:
PIP was purified by immunoprecipitation and its concentration in human SP samples was quantified by ELISA method.
Results:
Average concentration of PIP in normozoospermia, oligozoospermia and azoospermia was 290.3 ± 71.5 µg/mL, 306.4 ± 71.2 µg/mL and 60.5 ± 23.6 µg/mL respectively.
Conclusion:
There was no significant variation in PIP levels in normozoospermia and oligozoospermia while its expression was down-regulated in azoospermia, indicating that PIP may be a plausible marker of azoospermia.
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