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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
The binding domains are capable of recognizing and interacting with regulatory sequences on the DNA. These domains are...

Bacterial Transcription

Bacterial Transcription

RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...

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Application of Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) for Studying Protein-Protein Interactions in Transcription

Application of Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) for Studying Protein-Protein Interactions in Transcription

Published on: July 26, 2019

Activating transcription in bacteria.

David J Lee¹, Stephen D Minchin, Stephen J W Busby

¹School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom. d.lee@bham.ac.uk

Annual Review of Microbiology

|June 26, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Bacteria activate gene transcription using various mechanisms. This study examines how regulatory factors influence RNA polymerase (RNAP) at specific promoters or directly alter RNAP

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Area of Science:

Microbiology
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Bacteria regulate gene expression through transcription activation.
Activator proteins bind DNA to recruit RNA polymerase (RNAP) or modify its promoter specificity.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the diverse architectures of activator-dependent bacterial promoters.
To summarize mechanisms of transcription activation focused on RNA polymerase.

Main Methods:

Review and analysis of existing literature on bacterial transcription regulation.
Categorization of promoter architectures and activation mechanisms.

Main Results:

Identified two main modes of transcription activation: promoter-specific factor recruitment and direct RNA polymerase modification.
Detailed the integration of multiple factor inputs at activator-dependent promoters.
Summarized mechanistic options for RNA polymerase-targeted activation.

Conclusions:

Bacterial transcription activation is achieved through distinct strategies involving promoter-specific interactions or direct modulation of RNA polymerase.
Understanding these mechanisms provides insight into bacterial gene regulation and responses to environmental cues.