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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
The Proteasome Structure01:17

The Proteasome Structure

The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is a well-known mechanism utilized by eukaryotic cells to remove cytoplasmic proteins that are misfolded, damaged, or no longer needed. In this pathway, the protein that needs to be eliminated undergoes a process called ubiquitination, where a chain of ubiquitin molecules is attached to the 48th lysine residue of the target protein. This ubiquitin modification helps the proteasome distinguish between a target protein and a healthy protein.
The proteasome is an...
The Proteasome01:13

The Proteasome

Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important among these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
In this pathway, the target proteins are first tagged with small proteins called ubiquitin. This involves participation of a series of enzymes including— E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3 (ubiquitin...
The Proteasome02:18

The Proteasome

Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important amongst these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
In this pathway, the target proteins are first tagged with small proteins called ubiquitin. A series of enzymes carry out the ubiquitination of the target proteins - E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3...

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Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
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Immunoproteasomes: structure, function, and antigen presentation.

Deborah A Ferrington1, Dale S Gregerson

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.

Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science
|June 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immunoproteasomes, crucial for adaptive immunity, generate peptides for T cell surveillance. Emerging research reveals their broader roles beyond antigen presentation, indicating diverse cellular functions.

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Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
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09:32

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09:57

Examining Proteasome Assembly with Recombinant Archaeal Proteasomes and Nondenaturing PAGE: The Case for a Combined Approach

Published on: December 17, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Immunoproteasomes are specialized proteasomes with catalytic subunits replacing standard proteasome components.
  • Their production is upregulated by oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines, with high basal levels in immune cells.
  • A key function involves generating peptides for MHC class I presentation, essential for CD8 T cell surveillance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the emerging functions of immunoproteasomes beyond their established role in antigen presentation.
  • To synthesize findings from immunoproteasome-deficient mouse models and genetic studies linking mutations to disease.
  • To highlight the potential pleiotropic roles of immunoproteasomes in cellular processes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on immunoproteasome function.
  • Analysis of studies using immunoproteasome-deficient mouse models.
  • Examination of genetic studies involving mutations or SNPs in immunoproteasome subunits.

Main Results:

  • Immunoproteasomes are critical for generating peptides presented by MHC class I molecules to CD8 T cells.
  • Studies in deficient mice and human genetic data suggest novel functions.
  • These emerging roles indicate a more diverse involvement in cell biology than previously understood.

Conclusions:

  • Immunoproteasomes play a significant role in adaptive immunity via antigen presentation.
  • Evidence points towards broader, pleiotropic functions in cellular regulation and response.
  • Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the multifaceted roles of immunoproteasomes.