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Related Concept Videos

Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Induction and Assessment of Class Switch Recombination in Purified Murine B Cells
09:49

Induction and Assessment of Class Switch Recombination in Purified Murine B Cells

Published on: August 13, 2010

Immunoglobulin class-switch DNA recombination: induction, targeting and beyond.

Zhenming Xu1, Hong Zan, Egest J Pone

  • 1Institute for Immunology and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4120, USA.

Nature Reviews. Immunology
|June 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Class-switch recombination (CSR) requires the enzyme AID to mature antibody responses. This review details how AID expression, targeting, and epigenetic modifications facilitate CSR for effective immunity.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Class-switch DNA recombination (CSR) is essential for antibody maturation.
  • The enzyme Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase (AID) is crucial for CSR.
  • CSR involves epigenetic changes and transcriptional activation of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) locus switch (S) regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in the induction and targeting of CSR.
  • To present an integrated model for macromolecular complex assembly in CSR.
  • To highlight the role of epigenetic information in CSR.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on CSR.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms involved in CSR.
  • Integration of data to propose a model of CSR complex assembly.

Main Results:

  • CSR requires AID induction and targeting to S regions via 14-3-3 adaptors.
  • Transcriptional machinery and histone modifications facilitate CSR.
  • Epigenetic information is transduced to enzymatic effectors of CSR.

Conclusions:

  • An integrated model explains the assembly of macromolecular complexes in CSR.
  • Understanding CSR mechanisms is key to improving antibody responses.
  • Recent advances provide new insights into the regulation of CSR.