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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Cellular Respiration01:22

Introduction to Cellular Respiration

Organisms harvest energy from food, but this energy cannot be directly used by cells. Cells convert the energy stored in nutrients into a more usable form: adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
ATP stores energy in chemical bonds that can be quickly released when needed. Cells produce energy in the form of ATP through the process of cellular respiration. Although much of the energy from cellular respiration is released as heat, some of it is used to make ATP.
During cellular respiration, several...
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First, the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate and releases it as carbon dioxide. The stripped molecule is then oxidized and releases electrons, which are then picked up by NAD+...
Chemiosmosis01:32

Chemiosmosis

Oxidative phosphorylation is a highly efficient process that generates large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the basic unit of energy that drives many cellular processes. Oxidative phosphorylation involves two processes— the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
Electron Transport Chain
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Mitochondria01:37

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthesis01:22

Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthesis

The electron transport chain is a critical component of cellular respiration, occurring in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It facilitates the transfer of high-energy electrons from reduced cofactors NADH and FADHâ‚‚ to molecular oxygen, the final electron acceptor. This transfer of electrons through a series of protein complexes is tightly coupled to the translocation of protons across the membrane, generating a proton gradient essential for ATP synthesis.Electron Flow and Proton...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

High-Resolution Respirometry to Assess Bioenergetics in Cells and Tissues Using Chamber- and Plate-Based Respirometers
09:53

High-Resolution Respirometry to Assess Bioenergetics in Cells and Tissues Using Chamber- and Plate-Based Respirometers

Published on: October 26, 2021

Introduction to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.

Bernhard Kadenbach1

  • 1Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany. kadenbach@staff.uni-marburg.de

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|June 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) complexes synthesize ATP, but their regulation by nuclear-encoded subunits is poorly understood. Research into these pathways is crucial for understanding mitochondrial diseases linked to energy production and reactive oxygen species.

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Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2026

High-Resolution Respirometry to Assess Bioenergetics in Cells and Tissues Using Chamber- and Plate-Based Respirometers
09:53

High-Resolution Respirometry to Assess Bioenergetics in Cells and Tissues Using Chamber- and Plate-Based Respirometers

Published on: October 26, 2021

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue
09:27

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Published on: March 23, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Cellular Respiration
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The mechanism of ATP synthesis via mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) is established, with detailed analysis of OxPhos complexes I-V.
  • While core subunits are conserved, the roles of numerous nuclear-encoded subunits in OxPhos complexes remain largely unknown, particularly in bacteria.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present new developments in mitochondrial morphology, biogenesis, gene evolution, heat, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation.
  • To explore the structure and supercomplex formation of OxPhos complexes.
  • To investigate the regulation of OxPhos activity in response to cellular ATP demands, focusing on nuclear-encoded subunits.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of OxPhos complex subunit composition, genes, and X-ray structures.
  • Identification of mitochondrial diseases linked to nuclear-encoded gene mutations.
  • Investigation of regulatory pathways including subunit isoform expression, allosteric regulation, phosphorylation, and supercomplex formation.

Main Results:

  • New insights into mitochondrial morphology, biogenesis, gene evolution, heat production, and ROS generation.
  • Detailed understanding of OxPhos complex structure and supercomplex formation.
  • Identification of multiple mitochondrial diseases associated with mutations in nuclear-encoded genes.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the regulation of OxPhos by nuclear-encoded subunits is critical for deciphering their function.
  • Investigating regulatory pathways like isoform expression and supercomplex formation will illuminate mitochondrial roles in degenerative diseases.
  • This knowledge is vital for understanding diseases involving ROS production and impaired energy generation in mitochondria.