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Related Concept Videos

Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a rapamycin-insensitive companion...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Deacetylation Assays to Unravel the Interplay between Sirtuins (SIRT2) and Specific Protein-substrates
14:32

Deacetylation Assays to Unravel the Interplay between Sirtuins (SIRT2) and Specific Protein-substrates

Published on: February 27, 2016

Sirtuin activators and inhibitors.

José M Villalba1, Francisco J Alcaín

  • 1Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Córdoba, Spain.

Biofactors (Oxford, England)
|June 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Small molecules that activate or inhibit sirtuins (enzymes linked to aging and disease) are being developed. These sirtuin modulators show promise for treating various conditions, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Deacetylation Assays to Unravel the Interplay between Sirtuins (SIRT2) and Specific Protein-substrates
14:32

Deacetylation Assays to Unravel the Interplay between Sirtuins (SIRT2) and Specific Protein-substrates

Published on: February 27, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Sirtuins (SIRT1-7) are NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase enzymes.
  • Sirtuin activity influences critical cellular processes including metabolism, DNA repair, and aging.
  • Modulating sirtuin activity holds potential for treating human diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review small molecules that activate or inhibit sirtuins.
  • To discuss the therapeutic potential of sirtuin-based interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of compounds known to modulate sirtuin activity.
  • Analysis of data supporting sirtuin-based therapies.

Main Results:

  • Sirtuin activators, primarily for SIRT1, include resveratrol and more potent synthetic analogs.
  • Sirtuin inhibitors have been identified for SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3, and SIRT5.
  • Resveratrol's therapeutic potential is explored, alongside improved bioavailability formulations.
  • Synthetic SIRT1 activators offer enhanced potency compared to resveratrol.
  • Inhibitors show promise for cancer, viral infections, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Small molecule modulators of sirtuins represent a promising therapeutic avenue.
  • Targeting sirtuins offers potential treatments for cancer, aging-related decline, and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Further research into sirtuin-based therapies is warranted.