Tissue Transplantation
Forced Transdifferentiation
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Updated: May 21, 2026

Surgical Approach to Full Soft Tissue Face Allograft Procurement for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation
Published on: December 30, 2025
Séta Mardoyan1, Nicole Pinelli
1Cadré de Santé, Service de Chirurgie Plastique Reconstructrice et Esthétique, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil.
Face transplants are a complex procedure with only twenty performed globally. French ethical guidelines have facilitated nine face transplant operations, aiding patients in self-image reconstruction post-surgery.
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