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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Secondary Lymphoid Organs01:15

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices
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An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

Published on: February 5, 2015

CD5-positive B cell subsets in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Masaaki Niino1, Toshiyuki Fukazawa, Naoya Minami

  • 1Department of Clinical Research, Hokkaido Medical Center, Yamanote 5-jo 7-chome, Sapporo 063-0005, Japan. niino@hok-mc.hosp.go.jp

Neuroscience Letters
|June 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary

CD5-positive B cells, crucial for immune response, are reduced in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). Specific subsets of these B cells show altered expression, suggesting a role in SPMS pathogenesis.

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Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices
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An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

Published on: February 5, 2015

Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
05:55

Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: December 1, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • CD5-positive B cells produce Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and protect against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
  • Understanding B cell subsets in multiple sclerosis (MS) is critical for disease management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association of CD5-positive B cell populations with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS).
  • To identify specific CD5-positive B cell subsets implicated in SPMS pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Flow cytometry was used to analyze CD5-positive B cells in blood samples.
  • Expression levels of various markers (CD11a, CD23, CD25, CD38, CD49d, CD80, CD86, CD138, CCR5, CXCR5) were quantified.
  • Study included 26 SPMS patients (IFN-treated and non-treated) and 19 healthy controls (HC).

Main Results:

  • SPMS patients exhibited a significantly lower percentage of CD5-positive B cells compared to HC subjects.
  • Non-IFN-treated SPMS patients showed decreased CD11a expression on CD5-positive B cells.
  • SPMS patients displayed reduced positivity for CCR5, CD25, and CD138 on CD5-positive B cells relative to HC.

Conclusions:

  • CD5-positive B cell populations are diminished in SPMS.
  • Specific subsets of CD5-positive B cells, characterized by altered marker expression, may contribute to the pathogenesis of SPMS.